BackgroundInformation | PathwayExplorerAntibodyMiniPack: EachPathwayExplorerAntibodyMinipackcontainsthreerelatedantibodiesaspartofasignalingcascadeoracombinationoftotalandphosphorylatedformsofkeysignalingtargets.Eachofthethreeantibodiesare30%theoriginalpacksize.FullsizeversionsofeachofthePathwayExplorerantibodiesareavailableforsaleindividuallyunderthesamecatalognumberwiththeremovalof“SP”offofeachone(e.g.05-591SPcanbeorderedas05-591).
PI3Kinase: PI3Kinase(Phosphatidylinositol3-Kinase)isresponsIBLeforphosphorylationofthe3positionoftheinositolringofPI(4,5)P2,togeneratePI(3,4,5)P3,apotentsecondmessengerrequiredforsurvivalsignaling,andinsulinaction.PI3Kinaseisaheterodimericcomplexcomposedofan85kDaregulatorysubunitanda110kDacatalyticsubunit.Tyrosinephosphorylationofgrowthfactorreceptorscreatesdockingsitesforbindingofp85(throughitsSH2domains)onthereceptors;p85bringswithitp110,whichisthenproximaltoitsphospho-lipidsubstrateonthemembrane.PI3KinaseisalsoactivatedbyRas,andbytheβ-γsubunitsofheterotrimericG-proteins.PI3Kinaseisinhibitablebywortmannin,ausefultoolforthestudyofthePI3Kinasesignalingpathway.
Akt/PKB,PHDomain: Akt(proteinkinaseB),aserine/threoninekinase,hasemergedasacriticalenzymeinsignaltransductionpathwaysinvolvedincellproliferation,apoptosis,angiogenesis,anddiabetes.InmammalsthreeisoformsofAkt(α,β,γorAkt1,2,3)arereportedthatexhibitahighdegreeofhomology,butdifferslightlyinthelocalizationoftheirregulatoryphosphorylationsites.Aktαisthepredominantisoforminmosttissues,whereasthehighestexpressionofAktβisobservedintheinsulin-responsivetissues,andAktγisabundantinbraintissue.EachAktisoformiscomposedofthreefunctionallydistinctregions:anN-terminalpleckstrinhomology(PH)domainthatprovidesalipid-bindingmoduletodirectAkttoPIP3,acentralcatalyticdomain,andaC-terminalhydrophobicmotif.
GSK3α/β: Glycogensynthasekinase-3(GSK-3),amultifunctionalserine/threoninekinase,isakeyregulatorofnumeroussignalingpathways.TwoisoformsofGSK-3arereportedinmammals:a51kDaGSK-3αanda47kDaGSK-3β.Thesetwoisoformsexhibitabout98%homologyintheirkinasedomains,butshareonlyabout36%identityinthelast76C-terminalaminoacidresidues.GSK-3αcontainsaglycine-richextensionatitsN-terminus.Aminor(~15%oftotal)splicevariantofGSK-3β,GSK-3β2,hasalsobeenidentified,whichcontainsa13-residueinsertwithinthekinasedomain.ItexhibitsreducedkinaseactivitytowardstheTauproteincomparedwith‘unspliced’GSK-3β.GSK-3β2islocalizedprimarilytoneuronalcellbodies,unlikeunsplicedGSK-3βthatisalsofoundinneuronalprocesses.GSK-3βplaysakeyinhibitoryroleintheWntsignalingpathway.Wntgenesencodealargefamilyofsecreted,cysteine-richproteinsthatareimportantindevelopmentandinmaintenanceofadulttissues.AbnormalitiesinWntsignalingarereportedtopromotebothhumandegenerativediseasesandcancer.
*Seefullsizeversionsforcorrespondingreferences. |